Syntax, Control Flow and Arrays

int count = 10;
final double TAX = 0.18;          // constant
var message = "inferred as String";  // local type inference (Java 10+)

int quotient = 7 / 2;             // 3  (integer division)
double ratio = 7 / 2.0;           // 3.5
boolean both = count > 5 && count < 20;

if (count > 10) {
    System.out.println("big");
} else if (count == 10) {
    System.out.println("exact");
} else {
    System.out.println("small");
}

String size = switch (count) {          // switch expression (Java 14+)
    case 1, 2, 3 -> "tiny";
    case 10 -> "ten";
    default -> "other";
};

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    System.out.println(i);
}

int[] nums = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5};
for (int n : nums) {                    // enhanced for
    System.out.println(n);
}

int n = 3;
while (n > 0) { n--; }
do { n++; } while (n < 3);

int[] scores = new int[5];              // default values are 0
int[][] grid = new int[3][4];

scores[0] = 90;
System.out.println(scores.length);

java.util.Arrays.sort(nums);
System.out.println(java.util.Arrays.toString(nums));

String s = "PrepVerse";
s.length();                // 9
s.substring(0, 4);         // "Prep"
s.toUpperCase();
s.equals("PrepVerse");     // use equals, not ==
String.join(", ", "a", "b");

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();   // for repeated concatenation
sb.append("a").append("b");